介詞besides,but,except的用法區(qū)別
1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一種累加關系,意指“除了什么之外,還有……”;而 except 或 but 則表示一種排除關系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女兒也去看過他(即妻子女兒都去看過他)。
Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,沒有一個人看過他(即只有他妻子去看過他)。
注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,與but, except 同義。如:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,沒一個人通過考試。
2. 關于 but 與 except:
(1) 兩者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含義上略有差別:but側重指意義的幾乎完整性,而 except 則側重指后面除去的部分。比較:
All are here but one. 除一個人都到了。
All are here except one. 還有一個人沒到。
(2) 在現(xiàn)代英語中,but 的介詞用法十分有限,一般說來,它只能用在下列詞語之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
I haven't told anybody but you. 除你之外,我沒告訴任何人。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外沒有一個人對此有很大興趣。
一般說來,若沒有出現(xiàn)上述詞匯,就不宜使用介詞 but,否則可能造成錯句。但是 except 卻沒有以上限制。比較:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,這扇窗戶從不打開。
誤:The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
除我之外每個人都累了。
正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
誤:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
正:Except for me, everyone is tired.
3. 關于 except 與 except for:
except 主要用來談論同類的東西,而 except for 則主要用來談論不同類的東西,有時含有惋惜之意。如:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都寫得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文寫得不錯,只是有幾處拼寫錯誤。
注:若用于句首,則 except for 與 except 同義(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
4. 關于 except for 與 but for:
except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一種虛擬條件(與虛擬語氣連用)。如:
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通過了考試。
But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的幫助,她就不會通過考試。
But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果沒有大氣,植物就會死亡。
5. besides 除用作介詞外,還用作副詞,其意為“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗號隔開)或句尾。如:
I don't want to go; besides, I'm too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 這部車是史密斯的,此外他還有兩部。