直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的用法
一、如何變?nèi)朔Q(chēng);
下面有一句順口溜“一隨主。二隨賓，第三人稱(chēng)不更新”。“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)或被第一人稱(chēng)所修飾。從句中的人稱(chēng)要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)變化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me." →She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱(chēng)?；虮坏诙四闼揎棥木渲械娜朔Q(chēng)要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。也可以用第一人稱(chēng)，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?" →He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人稱(chēng)不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)或被第三人稱(chēng)所修飾從句中的人稱(chēng)一般不需要變化如：
Mr. Smith said: "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何變時(shí)態(tài)：
直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí)；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則保留原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。如：
1) She said. "I have lost a pen." →She said she had lost a pen.
2) She said. "We hope so." →She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。
①直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?” →Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 20, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could, should, would, might）不再變。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何變狀語(yǔ)：
直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)則，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday變?yōu)?the day before）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ)，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this 改為that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何變句型：
①直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes." →She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven't you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該改為由疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述句語(yǔ)序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb.(not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don't make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she. →She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“Let's”開(kāi)頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用“suggest +動(dòng)句詞（或從句）。”如：
He said, " Let's go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述別人的話(huà)有兩種方式：一是使用引號(hào)引出人家的原話(huà)，這叫做直接引語(yǔ)；一是用自己的話(huà)把人家的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述出來(lái)，這叫做間接引語(yǔ)。例如：
John said, "I'm going to London with my father."
約翰說(shuō)："我要和父親到倫敦去。"（引號(hào)內(nèi)是直接引語(yǔ)）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
約翰說(shuō)，他要和他父親去倫敦。（賓語(yǔ)從句是間接引語(yǔ)）
由直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，分以下情況：
1、直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)
間接引語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（口語(yǔ)中that可以省略），主句的引述動(dòng)詞主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said, "You are younger than I.” He said (that) I was younger than him.
2、直接引語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)
間接引語(yǔ)為陳述語(yǔ)序：主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞say 改為ask,或改為wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)閕f (whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me, "You have seen the film, haven't you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 選擇疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)閣hether….or 賓語(yǔ)從句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橛稍瓉?lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
He asked, "Where do you live?" →He asked me where I lived.
3、直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句時(shí)
間接引語(yǔ)為不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（don't 變?yōu)閚ot ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window." →The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him, “Don't leave the door open.” →His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建議、提議、勸告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等動(dòng)詞 加以轉(zhuǎn)述。例如：
He said, "Let's go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don't you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4、直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)
間接引語(yǔ)為what 或how 引導(dǎo)，也可以用that 引導(dǎo)。直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的用法
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5、如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為各種現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語(yǔ)原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)按下列變化：
（1） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)
（2） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
（3） 一般將來(lái)時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
（4） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)
（5） 一般過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)
（6） 過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變，仍為過(guò)去完成時(shí)
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引語(yǔ)是表示客觀真理時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引語(yǔ)中有明確表示過(guò)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)不改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引語(yǔ)所述事實(shí)在當(dāng)時(shí)和目前同樣生效，變?yōu)殚g接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，在變?yōu)殚g接引時(shí)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引語(yǔ)中含有since, when, while 引導(dǎo)的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，只改變主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，從句的一般過(guò)去時(shí)則不變。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引語(yǔ)中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, need, had better以及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式could, might, should, would,在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的改變。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代詞等一般地應(yīng)作用相應(yīng)的變化。
指示代詞 this ---that
these--- those
表示時(shí)間的詞 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地點(diǎn)的詞 here --there
動(dòng)詞 bring -- take
come –go
直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的用法及講解
定義：直接引語(yǔ)：直接引用別人的原話(huà)，并在原話(huà)前后加引號(hào)。
例：He said:" It is too late."
間接引語(yǔ)：用自己的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà)，多數(shù)以賓語(yǔ)從句的形式構(gòu)成。
例：He said it was too late.
直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)相互轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題
第一：人稱(chēng)的變化。
主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng)的直接引語(yǔ)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱(chēng)要做相應(yīng)調(diào)整。
例如：
直接引語(yǔ) She said:" I am hungry."
間接引語(yǔ) She said she was hungry.
直接引語(yǔ) Mum said to me:" You must clean your bedroom by yourself."
間接引語(yǔ) Mum told me that I had to clean my bedroom by myself.
第二：時(shí)態(tài)變化
直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)要與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。其規(guī)律如下圖。
注意：
1.直接引語(yǔ)為客觀真理時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例如：Teacher told us:" The moon moves round the earth."
Teacher told us the moon moves round the earth.
2.直接引語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)并且與具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
例如：She said:" I went to England in 1998."
She said she went to England in 1998.
3.主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變。
He says:" I bought you a book yesterday."
He says that he bought me a book yesterday.
第三：指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化。
第四：句式上的變化
1.陳述句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that連接。
如：She said:" I am a girl."
She said that she was a girl. (that可以省略)
2.一般疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用陳述語(yǔ)氣，并要加連詞if或whether。
例如：She asked me:" Are you Mr. Li?"
She asked me if I was Mr. Li.
She asked us: "Do you want to go on a picnic?"
She asked us if we wanted to go on a picnic.
3.特殊疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)要用特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。
例如："How much have we spent on petrol this year," Susan asked her husband.
Susan asked her husband how much they had spent on petrol that year.
4.祈使句變間接引語(yǔ)，一改二變?nèi)铀娜ァ?/p>
一改：said (to) 改為asked或told, ordered等
二變：said to 的賓語(yǔ)或呼語(yǔ)變?yōu)閍sked等的賓語(yǔ)
三加：即在動(dòng)詞原形前加to，使成為動(dòng)詞不定式
四去：去掉please
例：He said to her:" Don't take the book away."
He asked her not take the book away.
5.感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)
"What awful weather it is!" she said.
She complained about the awful weather.
"What a bright girl you are." He said to me.
He praised me that I was a bright girl.