英語語法大全-11. 動詞的時態(tài)
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習慣于散步)
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發(fā)生在過去，因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will
用于條件句時， be going to 表將來will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來
1）下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在時間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀 態(tài)，其結果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或 狀態(tài)。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。11.10 比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時
1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調的是影響。2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3）現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強調對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強調起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…結構，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。
注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門： 當現(xiàn)在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動詞在完成時中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別延續(xù)動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應用現(xiàn)在完成時。
11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去----|-------|-----|---->其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發(fā)生。因此
前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had no … when 還沒等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
11.16 用一般過去時代替完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強調先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will / be going to do sth.2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或一獲得的經驗。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
11.18 現(xiàn)在進行時
現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發(fā)生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應用進行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1) 事實狀態(tài)的動詞
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理狀態(tài)的動詞
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬間動詞
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.
4) 系動詞
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.
11.20 過去進行時
1） 概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時間狀語
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，
11.21 將來進行時
1) 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預測將來會發(fā)生的事情。She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：將來進行時不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的時間狀語
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
11.22 一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時
時間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
典型例題
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在時間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。
(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項，行程等活動。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。)
11.23 一般現(xiàn)在時代替過去時
1 )"書上說"，"報紙上說"等。The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2) 敘述往事，使其生動。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
11.24 一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時
1) 有些動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
11.25 一般現(xiàn)在時代替進行時
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…Look, here comes Mr. Li.
11.26 現(xiàn)在進行時代替將來時
1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預定中計劃好的活動。Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.
11.27 時態(tài)一致
1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實，則永遠用現(xiàn)在時。At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 賓語從句中的助動詞ought, need, must, dare 時態(tài)是不變的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
11.28 時態(tài)與時間狀語
時間狀語一般現(xiàn)在時 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般過去時 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般將來時 next…, tomorrow, in+時間,
現(xiàn)在完成時 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
過去完成時 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
過去進行時 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
將來進行時 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening