區(qū)分 that 與 what 引導(dǎo)的從句
一、引導(dǎo)主語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
What he said at the meeting was very important.他在會上所說的非常重要。(賓語)
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個人做了那項工作。(主語)
That he did it alone surprised us.他獨自完成了那項工作使我們感到吃驚。(that用來引導(dǎo)主語從句,在句中不作成分)
二、引導(dǎo)賓語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當(dāng)有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
They stopped to see what was happening.他們停下來看發(fā)生了什么事情。(主語)
The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done.那個男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。(what在賓語從句中作賓語)
All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple.所有的人都認(rèn)為拯救古廟是正確的。(that在賓語從句中不作句子成分且可省略)
We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed.我們必須相信,我們每一個人都能把某件事情辦好;而且,當(dāng)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這事情是什么的時候,我們就必須努力干下去,直到成功為止。(第一個that可省略,第二個that不能省略)
三、引導(dǎo)表語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
Mary is no longer what she used to be.瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。(what在表語從句中作表語)
The question is what we should do to prevent him from going.問題是我們怎樣做才能阻止他去。(what在表語從句中作動詞do的賓語)
The reason why he didn't come today is that his mother is ill.他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。(that只起連接作用)
四、引導(dǎo)同位語從句
that與what都可引導(dǎo)同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。這類名詞有:fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:
I have no idea what we should do next.我不知道我們下一步該做什么。(賓語)
He made a promise that he would study hard.他許諾要努力學(xué)習(xí)。(that只起連接作用)
The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up.那個男孩兒表達(dá)了他長大后想當(dāng)一名飛行員的愿望。(that只起連接作用)
五、引導(dǎo)定語從句
that可引導(dǎo)定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如:
This is one of the buildings that were built last year.這是去年建的樓房之一。(that在定語從句中作主語,指物,不能省略。)
The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago.你昨天在街上遇到的那位醫(yī)生二十年前就來到這里了。(that 在從句中作賓語,指人并可省略。)
注意:what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。如不能說:
1.He did all what he could to save the patient.
2.All what he needs is more time.
應(yīng)將句中的what改為that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉,但兩句的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了根本的改變:句1中的what引導(dǎo)賓語從句,句2中的what引導(dǎo)主語從句。
六、引導(dǎo)狀語從句
so...that, such ...that, so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)狀語從句。what不能引導(dǎo)狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。如:
He made such rapid progress in English that before long he could write articles for an American newspaper.他的英語進(jìn)步很快,不久就能為美國的一家報社寫文章了。
Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won't burn them.請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。
Don't believe him no matter what he says.無論他說什么,都不要相信他。