現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法詳解
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)句型構(gòu)成
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)(V-ed) e.g done
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法
①肯定句中:主語(yǔ)+has/have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語(yǔ)(或者其他).
②否定句中:主語(yǔ)+haven't/hasn't+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語(yǔ).
③一般疑問(wèn)句中:Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)(V-ed)+賓語(yǔ)(或者其他).(末尾用問(wèn)號(hào))
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法要點(diǎn)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用,(如表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非與for,since連用.
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
如already(肯定,句中),yet(否定,疑問(wèn),句中),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.他已經(jīng)獲得了一份獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).我已經(jīng)很久沒(méi)有看到他(最近的)。
We have seen that film before.我們以前已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部電影了。
Have they found the missing child yet?他們找到失蹤的孩子了嗎?
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去過(guò)北京嗎?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到Bunny說(shuō)她的壞話。
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.這支鋼筆我只用過(guò)三次。它仍然是好的。
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.喬治已經(jīng)在好幾個(gè)場(chǎng)合見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)先生幾次。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.彼得寫(xiě)了六篇論文,到目前為止。
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了從原子核中釋放能量。
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.今年以來(lái)舊金山雨水太多。
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.我們兩國(guó)之間的友好合作關(guān)系在近幾年得到了提高。
Up to the present everything has been successful.到現(xiàn)在為止一切都是成功的。
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.
即表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去,也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。如:
How often have you seen her? 你隔多少見(jiàn)她一次?
My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父親一向騎車(chē)上班。
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束。
例如:He has turned the light off .他已把燈關(guān)了。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù),因此,該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:never,ever等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)連用。
例如:Have you found your pen?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái),他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語(yǔ) "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是從過(guò)去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)連用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過(guò)好多故事書(shū)。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過(guò)三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的區(qū)別。
has gone to:表示某人已去了某地,而沒(méi)有回來(lái)(去了沒(méi)回)。
has been to :表示去過(guò)某地(去過(guò)已回來(lái))。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)誤區(qū)提醒:
(1)have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別:have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)”,可用于各人稱(chēng);have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”,常用于第三人稱(chēng),前者可與once ,never,several times等連用,后者則不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間,或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間,雖有since一詞,也不必用完成時(shí)。如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。
(3)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式,已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
如:I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái),我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。
has been in:表示一直呆在某地, 常與時(shí)間段搭配(呆了很久)。